✯✯✯ Estuarine Freshwater

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5 Types of Mixing in Estuaries

Estuarine environments are among the most productive on earth, creating more organic matter each year than comparably-sized areas of forest, grassland or agricultural land. The sheltered waters of estuaries also support unique communities of plants and animals specially adapted for life at the margin of the sea. Many different habitat types are found in and around estuaries, including shallow open waters, freshwater and saltwater marshes, swamps, sandy beaches, mud and sand flats, rocky shores, oyster reefs, mangrove forests, river deltas, tidal pools and seagrass beds. Estuaries provide us with a suite of resources, benefits and services. Some of these can be measured in dollars and cents, while others cannot.

Estuaries provide places for recreational activities, scientific study and aesthetic enjoyment. Estuaries are an irreplaceable natural resource that must be managed carefully for the mutual benefit of all who enjoy and depend on them. Below are additional ways in which estuaries are important click to expand :. Thousands of species of birds, mammals, fish and other wildlife depend on estuarine habitats as places to live, feed and reproduce.

And many marine organisms, including most commercially-important species of fish, depend on estuaries at some point during their development. Because they are biologically productive, estuaries provide ideal areas for migratory birds to rest and refuel during their long journeys. Because many species of fish and wildlife rely on the sheltered waters of estuaries as protected spawning places, estuaries are often called the "nurseries of the sea. Estuaries have important commercial value and their resources provide economic benefits for tourism, fisheries and recreational activities. The protected coastal waters of estuaries also support important public infrastructure, serving as harbors and ports vital for shipping and transportation.

The economy of many coastal areas is based primarily on the natural beauty and bounty of estuaries. When those natural resources are imperiled, so too are the livelihoods of those who live and work in estuarine watersheds. Over half the U. Estuaries also perform other valuable services. Water draining from uplands carries sediments, nutrients and other pollutants to estuaries. As the water flows through wetlands such as swamps and salt marshes, much of the sediments and pollutants are filtered out. When salinity returns to regular after a couple of months, the marine animals re-establish themselves.

Estuarine animals either adapt to prevent damaging salinities or endure a range in salinity by using physiological mechanisms. Temperatures vary commonly in estuaries owing to the blending of water of various temperatures and the shallowness of the water. In shallow estuaries, the water is much cooler in the winter season and warmer in the summer season. These temperature level variations affect the species composition and remove most animals that cannot endure wide changes.

The sediment formation affects the organisms living in the estuary, especially plants and benthic animals. Mudflats prevail. The substrate here is made up of soft, loose mud or a mixture of mud and sand. Particular plants such as eelgrass in temperate areas and mangroves in the tropics develop on mudflats, making estuarine communities extremely efficient and at the same time providing special habitat for animals. Mangroves are found in the majority of estuaries. Silt suspended in the water in estuaries causes the water to be turbid. The degree of turbidity varies extensively throughout the year; it is at a maximum during the rainy season.

It likewise varies from place to place within the estuary. Turbid water avoids light from permeating even one meter below the water surface. This reduces the level of photosynthesis by phytoplankton in the deeper layers. Shore plants that are not covered by turbid waters are therefore the most important producers of raw material. Due to the diversity and intricacy of habitats, we can find a fantastic variety of species that occupy these ecosystems. Amongst these, there is a fantastic range of mollusks such as mangrove cockle, salmon, and black oyster. You can also find a variety of shellfishes, such as blue crab, shrimp, and shrimp handgun.

Apart from fish, we also find mammals such as the crab raccoon and the otter. The most typical fish are marine catfish. And amongst the birds that populate the location, we find nighttime herons, cormorants, and pelicans, to name a few. There are also caimans and alligators. It is common that during the night, the waters fill with zooplankton; and after that, they hide in the low and dark parts of the environment throughout the day.

The zooplankton feeds on phytoplankton and suspended organic matter, which in turn feeds little fish.

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